French Reformation

French Reformation

 

 

 

Huguenot Ch., Gallican

Protestant Ch. , Reformed

 

 

■ Valois Dynasty

Francis I(1515-1547)

Henry II(1547-1559) Italian Wars / Valois-Habsburg Wars

Francic II(1559-1560)

Charles IX(1560-1574)

Henry III(1574-1589)

 

 

Henry II(1547-1559) - Catherine de Medici

Francic II(1559-1560) - Mary Queen of Scots

 

 

 

 

 

▩ French Reformation

 

▣ French kings

 

▣ Important Events

- Affair of the Placards(1534)

....

 

▣ Huguenot Leaders

- Jeanne/jean / Joan d'Albert (1528-72) -Queen of Navarre

Henry III de Bourbon, king of Navarre(1553-1610)

-- son of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine de Bourbon

-- Futtrure Henry IV

- Louis I de Bourbon, prince of Conde(1530-69)

-- younger brother of Antoine de Bourbon

-- Henry III of Navarre's uncle

--

 

▣ Improtant Huguenot Events

- 1st National Synod(1559)

-- Huguenots assembled near paris

-- Adopted

--- Confession of Faith

--- Discipline influenced directly by Calvin

- Colloquies at Poissy (1561) and Saint -German-en -baye(1562) ; Failed

-- French Huguenots and Catholics attempted to reconcile their differeces

00 Led by Catherine de Medici and the chancellor, Michael L'Hopital.

-- Theodore Beza led the Calvinist side.

- French National Church

-- Created by the calvinist nobility (rather than by Geneva)

-- Pastors were sent from Geneva(but not enough)

--1,200 churches throughout France in 1560-1570

-- 10% of the population(2milion people )

-- 4% of the parish churches

-- some churches were very large

 

▣ Montmorency Family

- Catholic side

-- Anne, duke of Montmorench, Constable of Frace

-- Henry I (Son of Anne) duke of Damville, son of Anne de Montmorency

- Huguenot side(Coligny)

-- Gaspard II de Coligny, lord of Chatillon, admiral of France

--- Mother is the sis ter of Anne de Montmorency

- His assasination(August 24, 1572) sparked the Massacre of ST. Bartholomew

 

▣ The Triumvirate (formed April 1561)

- Members

-- Anne, duke of Montmorency, constable of France

-- Jacque d'albon, seigneur de Saint Andre, marshal of France

-- Francois I, duke of Guise

- Supported (if not instigated) by Spain

- Tried to create a Catholic France(against moderate policies of Catherine de Medici)

 

▣ Guise Family

- Claude I count/duke of Guise, married his daughter, Marie, to the king of Scotland, James V

- Francois I (son of Claude I, duke of Guise), duke of Guise, sparked the Massacre of Vassy/ Wassy(1562), died in 1563 during the religious war

-- Henry I (son of Francois I), duke of Guise, Assassinated Coligny, He was assassinated by Henry III in Blois in 1588

-- Louis II (son of Francois I), cardinal of Guise, assassinated in Blois in 1588

-- Charles (son of Francois I), duke of Mayenne

- Claude(son of Claude I, duke of Guise), Duke of Aumale

-- Charles (son of Claude), duke of Aumale

 

▣ French Religious Wars

- Seven religious wars from 1562-1598

- Each war was stopped by an edict of Pacification

- Important Events

-- Massacre at Vassy(1562)

--- Huguenots worship near Vassy

--- Francois, duke of Guise, kills the Huguenot

--- Admiral Gaspard de Coligny lead the Calvinist army

--- This starts the first religious war

-- St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre(1572)

--- Henry of Navarre marries Marguerite of Valois(sister of Charles IX

--- Conspiracy to subdue and eliminate Huguenot leaders?

--- Gaspard de Coligny is assassinated sparks religious war #4

--- Henry of Navarre is forced to abjure his Protestant faith, he escapes and abjures his abjuration

- War of the Three Henries(1589-1598

 

▣ Three Henries

- Royalists led by Henry III, king of France

- Catholic League led by Henry, duke of Guise

- Protestants led by Henry de Bourbon, king of Navarre

 

Edict of Reunion(1585)

-- Henry III revokes all the edicts of Pacification and bans the protestant religion

-- Henry III was coerced by the Guises

-- Sparks religious war #7

 

 

▣ War of the Three Henries(1587-1598)

- Day of Barricades (1588)

-- The League takes over Paris

-- Henry III escapes

- Guise Assassinations at Blois(1588)

-- Henry III assassinates Henri, duke of Guise, and his brother, Charles, cardinal of Lorraine

-- Henry III seeks an alliance with Henry of Navarre and accepts Navarre as his heir

- Assassination of Henry III(1589)

-- Henry III is assassinates in Saint-Cloud by a Jacobin monk, Jacques Clement(individual assassination)

 

 

▣ Henry IV

- Henry IV becomes king of France outside Paris(1589)

-- Henry IV converts to Catholicism to unite his royalist and Protestant armies

-- Henry IV conquers Leaguer towns one by one

- Triumphant Entry of Paris(1594)

-- Henry IV enters Paris without trouble

-- He forgives the Parisians

-- Remaining Leaguers flee to Brittany

- The Edict of Nantes(1598)

-- Henry IV defeats the duke of Mayenne and declares the Edic of Nantes (1598)

-- Protestants were allowed to exercise their religion in fortified places and participate in politics

-- Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685 in the Edict of Fontainebleau

 

 

▣ Types of Meetings

- Diets

-- Legislative assembly

-- Meeting of states

--- Holy Roman Empire

--- Swiss Cantons

--- (Scotland- meeting or session of a court)

 

- Colloquies

-- A conversation

-- A gathering for discussion of theological questions

 

 

▣ Diets of Nuremburg (1522- 1524)

- Presided by the Archduke Ferdinand

- Discussion: Luther affair and the Ottomans

- Ottoman concerns took precedence: if the Ottomans take over Europe, there will be no Lutheran affair

- Compromise: "until a church council should meet, the Holy Gospel should be preached according to old and established interpretations."

 

▶ Nuremburg : virtual capital city of the HRE

-- Imperial Diets

-- Imperial Council of Regency

-- Imperial Supreme Court

-- Became Protestant in 1525

 

▸Famous Nuremburgers

-- Willibald Pirckheimer

-- Lazarus Spengler

-- Albrecht Durer

 

▣ Diets of Speyer(1526, 1529)

1526

-- Presided by the Archduke of Ferdinant

-- To stop the Ottomans, he required troops and money

-- Suspended the Edict of Worms

-- cuius regio eius religio.

--- "he who rules, hs religion

--- the religion of the prince is the religion of the region

 

1529

-- Habsburg were in a stronger position militarily

-- Habsburg wanted to reverse the results of the previous Diet of Speyer

-- Evangelical reulers "protested" against Habsburg/ Catholic stipulations

 

 

▣ Marburg Colloquy (oct 1-4, 1529)

- Convened by Landgrave Philip of Hesse to unite the Protestants (first theologically then politically)

- Lutheran Reps" Luther and Melachthon; Osiander, Brenz, Agricola

- Swiss Reps: Zwingli and Oecolampadius; Sturm, Bucer, Hedio, Bullinger

- The agreed to 14 out of 15 articles. Luther wrote the outcome In the Marburg Confession (or Marburg Articles)

- Failed! Disagreement over Article 15: the Christ's presence in the elements

 

 

▣ Other Colloquies

- Augsburg(1530)

-- Goal; reconcile Catholics and Protestants

-- Melancthon drew up the Augsburg Confression

-- Zurich and Strasbourg submitted their own confession

-- Eck responded with the Confutations(against Melancthon_

 

- Hagneau/ Worms(1540/ 41)

-- Goal: to understand and reconcile Catholics and Protestants

- Basis of negotiation : Augsburg Confession and its Apology

-- Concessions were made by other parties: Eck accepted Melachthon's interpretation of Romans 7 and concupiscence after baptism as sin

 

▣ Other Reconciliation Texts

- Wittenberg Concord(1536)

-- Bucer and Melachthon reconciled the Protestants in the southern German cities and Saxony

-- Luther did not reject it

- Book of Regensburg(1540)

-- Bucer and Gropper were trying to reconcile Protestants and Catholics

-- supported by Capito and Veltwyck(imperial sectretary)

-- drafted in secret negations in December 1540

-- based on the agreements in Worms

-- Melachthon dissmissed it as fictional

-- Luther refrained from comment

 

▣ Regensburg Colloquies(1541, 1546)

- 1541

-- Empereor announced participants: Pflug, Eck, and Gropper on Catholic side; Melancthon, Bucer, and Pistorius on the protestant side(Calvin also attended)

-- Goalto reconcile as many doctrines as possible

-- Eck and Melanchthon opposed

-- the Book of Regensburg was used; Catholics made a lot of concessions

-- Major debatable points: communion In both kinds, marrige of priests, the Mass, were not reconciled

-- Reconciled areas: original sin and justification

-1546 -failed even before it began

 

▣ Regensburg Interim(1548)

- Prelude; Charles halted the talks with the Protestants after the failures at Worms and at Regensburg.

- He created his own compromise until a council can resolve religious issues

- It asserted papal primacy, seven sacraments, holidays and ceremonies

- It said that Protestants can continue clerical marriages, communion in both kinds.

- It divided the protestants: adiaphorists and interimists

 

▣ Leipzig Interim(1549)

"little interim"

- Melachthon introduced adiaphora in the "Leipzig Articles"

- Presented at the Diet of Leipzig(1548)

- Articles were rejected by both sides

- Flacius illyricus said that "in the matters of confession there is no adiaphoron." (or middle things)

- Wittenberg theologians appeared faithless and more like politicians

- The interims

-- encouraged the creation of more confessions

-- it split the Lutherans: Gnesio-Lutherans and the Philippists

-- Formula of Concord(1577) united the factions

 

 

▣ Peace of Augsburg(1555)

- Compromise of religious parties in theology was not necessary

- Roman Catholic and Luther confessions were equal (but Zwinglians, Calvinists, Anabaptists, and other protestant "sects" were excluded)

- Rulers determined the religion of their land or cuius regio, eius religio("whoever the king, his religion")

- if clergy converted, they lose their position. They cannot turn their church into a Protestant one (only rulers can effect change and confiscate church property)

- Subjects had the right to sell their property and move to a state where they can practice their religion in accordance to law

 

▣ Colloquy of Worms (1557)

- Convened by king Ferdinand after the Peace of Augsburg(1555)

- Basis of debate: Augsburg Confession

- Gnesion-Lutherans rejected the changes that Melanchthon made later

- Catholics rather deal with the Gnesio-Lutherans, not the Philippists

- Failed when both parties interpreted the instructions of king Ferdinand differently

-- Catholics thought the king wanted them to dialogue with the Gnesio-Lutherans

-- all the Lutherans left

 

▣ Consensus Tigurinus(1549)

- Alternative name : Zurich Agreement

- Bullinger and Calvin united Swiss Protestants

- They agreed on the doctrine of the sacraments and created a compromise document

- 26 articles were created and published in 1551

- sacrament is a sign or seal AND an instrument of divine grace for communicating spiritual gifts to the believer

- Receiving the sign does not mean you're saved

- Sacramental grace is limited to the elect. It confirms the believer's faith and increases it.

- Sacraments bring nothing but condemnation to the nonbeliver. It seals the believer's faith the work of the Spirit

- Rejects consubstantiation and transubstantiation

 

▣ Peasants' War (1524-26)

- Began near the Black Forest at the abbey of Saint Blasien, peasants refused to render feudal dues and services to their overlord (like a strike).

- The demonstrations expanded to other places along the Swiss border, upper Swabia, Franconia, Alsace, the Rhine Palatinate, the Tirol, Salzburg, Thuringian Forest and Saxony.

- It was organized well

-- first as local assemblies to a regional band of rebels.

-- they wanted to negotiate with the lords regarding their grievances.

 

 

 

▣ Peasants' War cont'd

- Christian Union of Upper Swabia(1525)

-- Supraregional alliance

-- Equipped with political and military structures

- Pledged allegiance to the word of God

-- Created the "Twelve Articles of Memmingen"

--- Most significant document of the rebellion

--- Encouraged people to rebel

- Rebel leaders wanted social justice based on religious fervor

- Karsthans

-- typical German peasants who beliceve that the evangelicla peasant stood closer to God than a priest

-- also a polemical book. Karsthans (1521), against the papacy most likely written by the italian pro-Lutherans Joachim Vadian

- Thuringian revolt was led by thomas Muntzer

-- War was the godly versus the godless

-- Peasants were God's instruments

-- They seized lands, burned castles, looted churches and monasteries

- Reformers separated themselves from the rebellion

-- Rebels learned from false preaching

-- Rebels distored the "pure" message of the gospel through "fleshly" reading and misunderstood Christian liberty

-- Reformers preached obedience and passivity to the unprivileged classes

 

 

▣ Luther and Peasants' War

- Luther's populist ideas

-- liberty of the Christian

-- Priesthood of all believers

-- the right of the believing community to elect its own pastors

- Luther hated violence (through sympathetic to the peasants' injustices)

-- Social and economic differences were to be addressed peacefully and out of Christian love

-- He decided to save more people, the rebellion had to be curbed. He wrote Against the Robbing and Murdering Horde of Peasants (1525)

- Peasants felt betrayed

 

 

 

Thursday, 21 October, 2010

 

◩ Swabian League

- Swabian League formed to fight aganinst the thieving king

- Knights revolt(1522-1524)

-- League defeated the knights who became thieves and sacked towns

-- Led by Imperial Knight Franz von Sickingen

--- Pro- Lutheran

--- Offered is sword at the Diet of Worms in 1521

 

- Peasant's War

--Defeated the peasant armies

-- Rebels were no match for professional soldiers

-- Defeated rebel .........

 

◩ Schmalkaldic War(1546-1548)

- Protestant towns created a military alliance called the Schmalkaldic League despite the failure at Marburg to agree theologically

-- 8 princes

-- 10 towns

-- Not every Protestant town signed on

- Charles V was determined to deal with the evangelical movement in the empire.

-- He called a truce with the Ottomans

-- He used protestant division in his favor

- Charlses V defeated the League

- The Protestants who sided with the emperor abandoned him later after the war.