Overseas Expansion

Overseas Expansion

 

◩ What is Latin America?

- any part of the Americas where spanish and Portuguese is the main language

- Mexico + Central America + South America

- For Example : Mexico is part of North America and Latin America (but not South America)

 

◩ Americas in 1763

- The Spanish king's backyard?

- Christopher Columbus(c. 1451~1506)- discovered America(meaning put America on European maps)

- Tension between the crown and the settlers

- Native Americans "exploited and decimated."

 

◩ Spanish Conquered Lands

- Central America

- Panama

- Colombia and Venezuela

- Peru: Equador, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina

- La Plata

- Caribbean Mexic

- Part of the US

- Philippines

 

◩ Spanish Invasion

- Spanish Conquistadors

-- who are responsible for the destruction of the inca society among other places

-- Used medieval crusade tactics to conquer the "infidels"

- Potronato real - Monarchs had the power to nominate clergy in high positions

- Missionary work; Franciscans, Dominicans and Jesuits

- Missionaries of the defended the indians against the greedy Europeans and the encomiendo system of forced indian labor

 

◩ Bartolome de Las Casas(1484-1566)

- Spanish historian, theologian, and defender of the indians in the New World

- Oradined in 1507 as a priest and became a doctrinero, parish priest to the indians

- He owned a large encomiendo(grant of Indians)

- 1514 had a pronounced awakening and declared encomiendas wrong

-- Indians had the right to possess their own lands by natural laws and the law of nations

-- All Spanish conquests and wars in the New World were illegal

-- Spaniards had to make restitution of all that they had taken from the indians

- Wrote several books against the system.

 

◩ Portugal Colonies

- Portuguese Expansion c. 140 sailing around Africa to the East

-- Prince Henry the Navigator(1394-1460)

--- New Trade Route to Asia

--- Prestor John - mythical Christian King of in Africa

-- Vasco da Gama(1469-1524) - discovered sea route to india.

- African coast

- Brazil

- Missionaries sent to Asia by King Joao III of Portugal

 

◩ History of Chocolate....

Spanish - New world, cacao bean/ the natives of the New World used the cacao bean in marrige rituals, offerings to their gods, currency; the bean was precious.

....

 

France

Gallican (oxford Dic

- Adjective 1) relating to the ancient Church of Gaul or France.

2) of or holding a doctrine (reaching its peak in the 17th c)} which asserted the freedom of the RC church in France and elsewhere from the ecclesiastical authority of the papacy. Compare with ultramontane

- Noun - an adherent of the Gallican doctrine.

 

Gallicanism

- Before 1600s = autonomous French Catholic Church

-- Catholic in religious orientation

- Pro-French in political orientation

- Allowed French king to nominate church offices

= Clergymen were mostly French or loyal to the king

0 After 1600s (after Trent)

-- Gallicans wanted the continuity of French bishops to lead the Catholic church in France.

- Ultramontanes("beyond the mountains) favored ecclessiastical authority to be directly from the pope

 

◩ The State of the Church and the Legitimate power of the Roman Ponfiff(1763)

- Written by Justin Febronius(pseudonym)

- Concialiatory: authority resides in a council, not the pope

- Declared heretical by pope Clement XIII

- In France, provided hope for the reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants (that is, if bishops can change the doctrines of Trent)

- In Austria, Empereor joseph II took charge....

 

◩ Predestination Catholic Debate

- Jesuits affirmed that predestination was based on God's foreknowledge(alminian?)

- Dminicans called the Jesuits Pelagians

- Dominicans said that predestination is not based on foreknowledge

- jesuits called Dominicans Calvinists

 

 

◩ Jansenism

- Augustine by Cornelius Jansenius -- was similar to the doctrines of Calvin

-- condemned by pope Urban VIII

- Predestination debate turned in to the debate over "probabilism." which the jesuits supported and the Jansenist rejected as moral indifferentism

-- the probability that an action was correct made it morally acceptable

-- Example: Augustine said a marriage with a non- Christian should not be considered unlawful since it was not clearly condemned in the New Testament

 

◩ Spiritual Guide and "Treatise on Daily Communion" (1675)

- Author : Miguel de Molinos

- Religious mysticism

- Advocated withdrawal from the world and passive before God

- The person loses himself.

- Worship is purely spiritual without physical work or visible display

- Asceticism is another form of activism

- Condemned by the Catholic church

 

◩ The Enlightenment

- A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

- Heavily influenced by 17th philosophers"

-- Descartes, locke, and Newton

-- Kant, Goeth, Voltaire, Rouseau, and Adam Smith.

 

◩ Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543)

- Polish astronomer

- proposed that the planets revolved around the sun

- De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium(1543)

- Overthrew geocentric cosmology

◩ Galileo(1564-1642)

- Italian philosopher, astronomer and mathematician

- His telescopic discoveries proved Copernicus right

- Inquisition charged him with heresy and he was under house arrest until he died

 

◩ Rene Descartes(1596-1650)

- Father of modern philosophy, founder of Cartesian Rationalism

- ....

 

 

 

Group Questions

1. what is the bible's position on slavery?

  

2. what is / should be the Christian's position on slavery?

 

 

 

 

 

 

◩ Slavery in Christianity an Overview

- In the bible, slavery exists

-- Spiritual Slavery

-- Physical/Earthly/Institutionalized Slavery

- The early Church said that the true master of people was God alone

-- No man can take Gods's role as the true master

-- God takes every person equally despite his sociaetal position

- Slavery s understood in spiritual terms

-- True freedom is in Christ

-- True slavery is to sin

-- Christ ....

 

◩ Biblical Slavery

- It reconciled the Christian public(during Paul's time) to the existing social order

- Seemingly contradictions regarding slavery

(1Cor 7:2) (*1 co 9:19)

- Lordship and bondage is directly linked to the fallibility of the world.

 

◩ Spiritual Slavery

- Spiritual enslavement and liberation is eaglitarian (Ep 6:7-8)

- Shristian slavery said that the slave is of equal value as a recipient of salvation

- Cynics, Sophists, and Stoics also argued that slaves had a free soul

 

 

◩ Christian Slavery to Sin

- The Christian understanding of slaves and the institution of slavery brok away from tradition(mainstream) Greek understanding of slaves and slavery

-

 

◩ Quakers

- Most egalitarian sects were annihilated because they challenged contemporary social order

- Quakers survived and became successful both economically and socially

- They were strong and active opponents of slavery

- 1688 : four Quakers sign antislavery petition in Germantown, Pennsylvania

- 1780: Pennsylvania dopts a gradual emancipation law (after Vermont)

 

◩ Dates of Slavery

- Spartacus / The Zanj, black African slaves, revolt / Gomes Eannes de Zurara / Columbus trans

 

◩ Institutionalized Slavery

- How do biblical imageries of slavery connect to physical slavery?

-- The B does not challenge the slavery system directly

-- Both masters and slaves should ...

 

◩ Slavery and Original Sin

- The doctrine of orginal sin often justified different forms of subjugation.

- Pro-slavery arguments state that some people needed to subordinated because they don't know better(because of orginal sin)

-- Slavery is one form of subjugation

-- They connect doctrine and put them into practice into state laws

- Howere,

-- The doctrine is about spiritual subjugation(not physical)

-- Church doctrines should not be used to creat state laws and institutions

 

◩ The Reintroduction of Slavery

- European Christians thougth that Christians should not enslave other Christians

-- Ex: Slavery was illegal in Britain since 1102

- They reasoned that they can enslave " savages"

-- Ex : Slavery can exist in the empire on plantations

- Africa has had an ongoning history of slavery before the European Christians began kidnapping them

-- They enslaved each other

-- They traded slaves with not-African

 

- Muslims enslaved people and traded them for centuries as laborers and soldiers

- American natives were difficult to enslave

- Diseases killed them

- They escaped

 

◩ Some Facts(1700-1810)

- More than 30,000 slave voyages occurred

- About three million African were transported

-- They knew how to work in hot conditions

- Not all slaves were Africans, some were Irish Catholics(from O Cromwell's wars), and some were Native Americans

- 1807 : S abolished in Britain

- 1834 : S abolished...

 

◩ Philosophers and Slavery

Anti

- Jean Bodin(French 16th lawmaker/politician) could not justify slavery

- Adam Smith(via laditudinarianism) condemned slavery as intolerable to human progress

 

Pro

- Thomas Hobbes believed that a master can kill his own slave without punishment

- John Locke placed slavery outside social ...

 

◩ Evangelical Faith and Slavery

- Methodist, Anglican Evangelicals, and American revivalists

-- condemned the slave trade

did not condemn the institution of slavery....

 

 

Original 13th Colonies-USA

   

◩ 13 Colonies

Virginia-Anglican, Church of England, settelers-English

Massachusetts- Setlers : Pilgrims, reason: religious freedom, Religion"separatists, church: Congregational

New Hampshire- Puritans, Expansion from Massachusetts Bay, Congregationalist, Congregational church

New York(1624)- Settler: Dutch

Economic gain, Dutch Reformed, Church of England (Church)

Maryland(134)- English , Refuge for Roman Catholics, Roman Catholic and others, Church of England

Connectucut(1634)- Puritans, Expansion from Massachusetts bay, Religion-Congregationalist, Congregational church.

Rhode Island(1636)- English(settlers) Radicals fleeing Massachusetts bay, Congregationalist, Congregational church

New Jersey(1638)-

Swedish Dutch, English

Economic gain/ Expansion from New York/ Religious Freedom

Lutheran, Dutch reformed Anglican

Delaware(1638)

- Swedish, Dutch,

Economic gain Expansion from NY

Lutheran Dutch Reformed

 

North Carolina(1653)

-English / French

Economic gain / Religious Freedom

Anglican / Heugenats

Church of England(most)

 

South Carolina(1670)

-Eng French

Economic gain / Religious freedom

Anglican Huguenots

Church of England

 

Pennsylvania(1681)

- English / German

Religious Freedom / Fleeing thirty years war and Religious war

Quaker / Mennonite, Brethren, Amish, Moravian, Schwenkfelder

 

Virginia

- Named agfter Queen Elizabeth " the Virgin Queen" by Sir Walter Raleigh

-- 1585 first attempt at settlement, people returned to England

--1587 second attempt, people disappeared

- Established in 1607

Puritans wanted a purified English church

- The crown was against it

-- James I put colony under direct royal authority

-- Maryland formed from Virginia

- People earned a living by exporting tobacco

- 1619 they began importing slaves

 

Massachusetts

- Pilgrims came and settled in Plymouth in 1620 seeking religious freedom

- Mayflower Compact a compact where members will follow the will of the majority

- Puritans came to escape persecution and set up a godly community in Salem

- By 1630, large group of Puritans settle in different towns.

- Those who were unhappy with strict church life created and moved to other states.

- The crown, for the most part, interfered very little until the Stuarts were restored.

- From little interference to a royal province in 1691, the colonists became angry

- Repressive measures followed where royal acts

-- limited trade(which created less revenue)

-- taxed the colonists heavily(which took any profits away)

- Colonists rioted and boycotted several times

-- Sometimes the crown repealed the measure

-- The crown continued to creat more legislation.

 

Boston

- Boston Massacre(3/5 1770)

-- British soldiers fired upon rioting citizens

-- 5 killed

- Tea Act(1773)

-- Created a new price for British tea

-- to save the British East India Company

-- If the colonists accepted this, they would accept taxation without representation(even though it lowered the cost of tea)

- Boston Tea party(Dec, 16, 1773)

-- Boston's Sons of Liberty threw overboard 342 chests of East India Company's tea into the Boston harbor

- Shocked the British and other Americans

- More repressive measures(Parliament said, "Pay for the tea!")

 

◩ (American) Revolutionary War(1775-1783)

- Sometimes called the War of (American) Independence, American War of Independence

- "Declaration of Independence"(1776) - Colonies declared independence from Britain

-- France and Spain new allies of America

-- British government recruited Native Americans

- Treaty of Paris(1783) officially ended the war

(America won)

 

◩ War against Britain!

- Congreatinalists and Presbyterians

- Covenantal view of society where a government that violates God's covenant forfeits its right to obedience

- Fear of Anglican establishment

-- fear of renewed persecution -- radical dissenters for war

-- want to see its own church established -- Lutherans felt this way too

- Religious freedom is possible only when there is political freedom

-- Congregationalists

-- Presbytarians

-- Anglican ......

 

No War against Britain!

Anglican Clergy and Anglican Laymen in North and central Colonies

- Oath of loyalty to king is sacred according to Scripture

- G's favor of order of British rule over potential anarchy

- Wants an Anglican establishment

- Biblical requirement to Submit to rulers as ordained by God

-- Anglican Clergy

-- Anglican Leymen in North and Central Colonies

-- Methodists

- Support of Pacifism as a general principle- Radical Dissenters against war

 

◩ Congregationalism

- Individual local Churches that are self governing

- Local Churches can create their own network with their own policies and rules

- Tend to be Reformed in theology and government(but not always

 

◩ Jonathan Edwards(1703-1758)

- Pastor in Northampton, Massachusetts

- Missionary to Indians

- Educated at Yale, became President of Princeton(1758)

- Died of Smallpox inoculation

- Wrote

- "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"(1741)- sermon

- Faithful Narrative(1737)

- Religious Affections(1746)

- The Freedom of the Will (1754)

 

◩ The Greatest theologian of America? Jonathan Edwards

- Staunch Calvinist

- Church affiliation was congregatiional

- Cahallenged liberal movements of the day: Deism, Socianism, Arianism, Arminianism, Continental rationalism, and Anglicanism

- Revitalized Calvinism with Newtons' Physics, Locke

's psychology, Ear of Shaftesbury III's aesthetics and Malebranche's moral philosophy

- Methaphysics: Beauty was an essential aspect of an entity, which subsisted in the harmony or agreement of its parts.

- Challenged Hobbes and Descartes

- Anticipated theoretical physics

 

◩ Jonathan Edwards : Preacher

- Convinced that people need apersonal experience of Conversion

- 1734 people began responding to his sermons, sometimes with emotional outbursts, with increased attention to their devotional lives

- Whitefield came and spoke at Edwards' church and the latter wept

- He wrote books about the experiences of people

- Stereotyped as a "Fire and brimstome" preacher - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"(1741)

- His sermons were "careful expositions of profound theological matters"

-- he focused more on heaven and love

-- goal: congregation has a "Saving knowledge of God through an awareness of the beauty of God's great and powerful redemptive love for them"

 

◩ 1st great Awakening(1730-1760)

- Sometimes known as the Great Awakening

- Religious revival movement in America

- Revival occurred as traveling preachers visited the countryside led by George Whitefield

- Criticized for being too emotional: "Emotion over study and devotion"

- Real goal: significant ONE experience

-- More devotion

-- Study the Bible well

- Leaders(general characteristics)

-- More self-controlled than emotional

-- Scholarly

-- Orthodox Calvinists in Congregational and Presbyterian circles

-- Believed that emotions should never replace doctrine and orderly worship

- Local pastors found new zeal

- People had very emotional reactions : wept repenting their sins, shouted for joy, fainted

- who benefitted: Baptists and Methodists

- Baptists first opposed it then liked it because

-- Profound conversion undermined infant baptism

-- Many Congregationalist and Presbyterian people(and some churches) became Baptists

- Baptists and Methodists preached to the West

-- Organized their religious life

-- More churches formed in the frontier

- 1st movement that affected all thirteen colonies. Raised awareness

-- Awareness of human rights

-- Nature of government

-- Growing sense of commonality

 

 

◩ 2nd Great Awakening(1820-1840)

- Emphasized Christian devotion and living

- Not marked by outbursts and chaos

- Although leaders were came from Presbyterian and Congregationalist backgrounds

-- sermons and theology had more Arminian notions

-- Less Calvinistic in terms of predestination

- Most benefited groups: Methodists and baptists

 

◩ Charles Finney(17920 1875)

- Best preacher during this time

- Urban rival meetings in tents

- Changed American revivalism?: preacher( personality and influence) became the center of revival rather than message

-- "Anxious bench" - wrestle here if you had no assurance

-- "new measures" = crude and impudent language = anxiois bency

- He admitted that he was ignorant of the Westeminster Confession of Fatih yet ordained Presbyterian minister

- Finny's revival were controversial

0 Lectures on Revivials of Religion(1835)

-- Revivals occur on human lnitiateve when God given meants to promote them are properly used

-- Revivals are not miracles, -- they more predictable than surprisin

-- more a matter of human planning an control

 

- Critics

-- he sowed seeds of confusion

-- followers disobeyed church leaders

- Social movements

anti slavery / Women's Rights / anti-Masonry / Temperance

- Theology : melioristic(world can be made better through human effort)

-- Pelagian: people can obey God without divine grace?

-- Wesleyan in sanctification

 

◩ 2nd Great Awakening Contemporary Issues

- Slavery openly opposed by Lyman Beecher and Charles Finney

0- New Haven theology(or "Taylorism")

-- Modified Calvinism/ Edwardseanism in the direction of Arminiaism

-- Human have the power to avoid sin/ sin is in the sinning (not in the will)

-- Nathaviel Taylor(1786-1858), chair of the divinity school

-- Split Calvisnist camp

- other theological Issues

-- can humans generate a real revival

--Finny said yes

 

 

◩ American Civil War(1861-1865)

- North / Us government / Union/ leader: Abraham Lincoln/ Military champion: Ulysses S Grant

- South/ 11 states/ Confederate states of America/ leaders: Jefferson Davis /Military champion: Robert E Lee

 

- Civil War is when citizens of one country fight each other

Main issue: to abolish slavery in America

- 2.4 million soldiers: 620,000 death

...

 

◩ Unitarianism

- The belief that rejects the Trinity and emphasizes that God is one being(J is not God incarnate but a man)

-- Favors a rationalist approach to G

-- Usually rejects dogma(no officail creed)

-- Usually stressed the obligation of the individual under divine moral sanction

-- Inclusivist approach to religion

-- support freedom of religionus though

--- Everyone has the right to seek the truth and meaning for themselves

--- Best setting to find religious truth and meaning in the community which welcomes each though, beliefs, doubts and questions

- A Unitarian is a person who follows Unitarinism

 

◩ Universalism

In theology

- the belief that all humankind will eventually be saive

- "an all-good and all-powerful God saves all souls

- Emphasized religious individualism and moralism

- Challenged Calvinism

- Identified with rationalist dissent

- A universalist is a person who follows Universalism

......... Non-theology

- A universial

 

◩ Transcendentalism

- Transcendentalism is an idealistic philosophical and social movement which developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism

-- Influenced by comanticism, Paltonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity and its members held progreesive views on feminism and communal living

-- Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures.

- Transcendentalism

-- a system developed by immanuel Kant,

-- based on the idea that, in order to understand the nature