The Holy Roman Empire_The German reformation

The Holy Roman Empire

The German reformation

 

 

 

 

 

 

■ Central Europe

 

■ Boarders: Baltic and North seas to the swiss Cantons, France, Danish kingdom and the Venetian Republic

 

■ Ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor(not the Pope)

- emperor is elected by seven people since 1273

-- Archbishops: Mainz, Trier and Cologne

-- King of Bohemia

-- Count palatine of the Rhine

-- Duke of electoral Saxony

-- Margrave of Brandenburg

- Not a hereditary position

■ The house of Habsburg ruled successively as HREs for many generations(1438-1740)

 

 

 

<The Habsburg Rulers(Austria Family)>

■ Frederic Ⅲ(1415-HRE 1452-93)

■ Maximilian Ⅰ(1459-HRE 1493-1519)

■ Charles Ⅴ (1500-1558) -Grandson of Maximilian Ⅰ

- King of Spain(r. 1516-1555)

- HRE (r. 1519-1556)

■ Ferdinand Ⅱ(1503-1564) - brother of Charles Ⅴ and grandson of Maximilian

- king of Bohemia nad Hungary(1556-64)

- HRE (1556-64)

■ Philip Ⅱ, king of Spain(1527-r, 1555-1598) - son of Charles Ⅴ

 

 

 

<Habsburg Empire>(without HRE) / very strong Catholics

■ Italy, Netherlands, Austria and adjacent area , Spain

 

 

 

<Martin Luther>

■ Professor(and author)

■ Friar , Priest ,Heretic, Outlaw, Family man.....

 

<ML background>

Born : Nov. 12 1483, at Eiseleben, Germany

1505- Thunderstorm; Luther joins Augustinian monastery at Erfurt

1507- Luther celebrates first Mass as a priest

1512- Luther completes his doctorate in theology; joins faculty at the University of Wittenberg

 

/Staupitz - ML's mentor

 

 

 

 

<Indulgence Controversy>

■ Pope Leo Ⅹ(r. 1513-1521), a Medici, financed the rebuilding of Saint Pter's basilica in Rome with indulgences

■ Indulgence - complete or partial remission by the church of temporal punishment from your sins by fulfilling a condition.

- For ex. if you go on a pilgrimage or say 10 "hail Mary's." you will be forgiven

- by the sixteenth-century, Popes began to give the impression that these indulgences can also save you(and others in purgatory( from eternal punishment.

■ Archbishop Albert of Mainz was allowed to use part of the sale of indulgences to pay off his debts

■ Johann Tetzel(d. 1519)

- Dominican monk was selling ST. peter's indulgences near Wittenberg

- His jingle, "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, another soul from purgatory springs!"

 

 

<Martin Luther continues>

"Ninety-five Theses" : Oct. 31. 1517

1518- Luther Meets Cardinal Cajetan at Augsburg, Germany

1519- Leipzig Debate with Johann Eck where agrees that he agrees with Jan Hus.

Exsurage Domine (1520) - Pope Leo X orders Luther to recant

1520 - Luther writes pamphlets against the Roman Catholic Church

Diet of Worms (1521) - Luther stands up to Emperor Charles Ⅴ

Edict of Worms (1521)- Charles Ⅴ declares Luther an outlaw

1521 - Luther hides at the Wartburg Castle

 

(Wartburg Castle) - Wiki

 

 

<Philip Melanchthon>(1497-1560)

■ "Germany's Teacher, " Humanist, Philologist, educator, theologian

■ Influenced by Luther, became Luther's eyes and ears while at Wartbrug, became Luther's handpicked successor

■ Nephew of Johannes Reuchlin (famous humanist)

■ 1518 - joins faculty at University of Wittenberg as an instructor of Greek and the classics

■ Had a conciliatory personality like Marin Bucer; considered a moderate; wanted to connect with the calvinists later

- Led the Philippists, called the Crypto-Calvinists by Gnesio-Lutherans

- He eventually agreed to the Reformed understanding of the Christ's presence in the Eucharist

 

 

 

<Melanchthon's Books>

■ Loci Communes(1521)

- Sometimes known as known as loci Theologici(1521)

- Full title: "Hypotyposes theologicae seu loci communes"

- First systematic evangelical text

- More editions: 1535, 1543 and 1555 (German edition)_

- Focused on biblical texts

■ Augsburg Confession(1530)

- Wrote final form (previous forms were discussed with Luther)

- Wrote its defense, Apology

■ Co-authored many other confessions

■ Wrote humanistic books

 

 

 

<Romans 1:17>

[UBS] dikaiosuvnh ga;r qeou' ejn aujtw'/ ajpokaluvptetai ejk pivstew" eij" pivstin, kaqw;" gevgraptai, @O de; divkaio" ejk pivstew" zhvsetai.

 

(NIV) For in the gospel a righteousness from God is revealed, a righteousness that is by faith from first to last, just as it is written: "The righteous will live by faith."

 

 

<Luther's Theology : Word of God>

■ Starting and final point of theology

■ the word of God is Jesus! and the bible is about Jesus!

■ Why the bible over church traditions?

- the gospel, Jesus Christ, made the church and the bible

- the bible is a better witness of the gospel than the church, which is often corrupt and corrupted

- The bible trumps the church, the popes, and traditions

■ viva vox evangelii (living voice of the gospel) - the spoken Word; preaching the gospel: the forgiveness of sins; it's powerful!

 

 

<Luther's theology : Knowledge of God>

 

■ a priori

- people can know that God exists by rationalization or by nature

- People can know the difference between good and evil

■ Theology of glory -true knowledge of God

- God as he knows himself

- Limited humans can never fully know the infinite glory of God

■ Theology of the cross -God of revelation

- Limited humans can know what God reveals to us especially with the cross

- the cross is the best way to know God

- We know God as the way God wants to be known and can be known

- the cross is very different from glory

 

 

<Luther's Theology: Law and Gospel>

■ In the theology of the cross (aka God of revelation), God presents himself in two ways : law(judgment) and gospel(grace)

- they always come together

- You have both law and gospel in OT and NT

■ Example

- Mosaic Laws

-- reveal's God's holiness(law)

-- Drives us to Christ(gospel)

 

- Forgiveness

-- Meant that we were under a very harsh law

-- We have been pardoned

 

- Law secured sinners in their sinfulness

 

 

 

<Luther's Theology: Two kingdoms>

■ 1) state

- law

- secular

- has the power of the sword /- by death

- Created to control society (to prevent chaos)

 

■ 2) Church

- gospel

- Spiritual / heavenly

- No power of the swor

- Should not be confused with the state

 

■ applications

- Rulers follow law(state) not the gospel(church)

- Christians can follow a non-christian ruler

- As sinners, christians are under the authority of the state(to prevent chaos)

- True faith should not to force itself on the state

 

 

<Luther's theology: the sacraments>

■ Sacraments

- instituted by Christ choosing material elements

- proclaims the forgiveness of sins(gospel)

■ Two

- Baptism

-- Brings new life to Christ

-- Paedobaptism /- infant

 

- Lord's Supper:

-- God forgives sins

-- gives community (and life) to his people

-- Christ's presence in the element's Consubtatiation

 

 

<Christ's PRESENCE IN THE ELEMENTS>

Eucharist, Lord's SUPPER, AND Communion- different names for the same practice

■ Mass- Catholic version

 

■ Elements /Kinds

- Wine

- Bread

 

■ Questions:

- What did christ mean when he said, "This is my body...; this is my blood?"

- How is Christ present during Communion?

 

 

<Different Views>

■ Transubstantiation(Catholic) - real presence; physical

- Aquinas and Aristotle

- Jesus is there physically

- It looks (accidents/ appearances) like bread and wine but it's really ( Substance/ essence) Jesus's body and blood

 

■ Consubstantiation(Lutheran) real presence: physical

- Jesus is there physically

- Jesus is there with the elements: in, over and between

 

■ Dynamic (Reformed/ Anglican) - real presence: spiritual

- Jeuss is spiritually there in the elements

-- "efficacy of Christ's body and blood is given to the regenerate"

-- Christ's body and blood spiritually nourishes God's people via the elements

 

- Christians take the elements and Christ's real presence by faith

 

■ Memorial Service /Zwinglian / None("sacramentarians")

- They're symbols! We're remembering Jesus' death!

- He is not in the elements at all

 

 

Selection of Luther's Works

- Ninety- Five thesis(1517)

- ON the Papacy at rome(1545)

-Address to the German Nobility.....

 

 

 

 

Protestant German towns ..

 

■ Strasbourg

- Free imperial city in the HRE, Multi-national, multi- religious/ Lutheran/

- Important Reformers: Matthias and Katherine Schutz Zell(husband and wife), Wolfgang Capito, Martin Bucer, Casper Hedio

 

Martin Bucer(1491-1551)

■ Reformed theologian, church organizer and political activist in southern Germany

■ Best known for

-1) Reformation in strasbourg,

- 2) influenced Calvin

- 3) Conciliatory stance and

- 4) taught at Cambridge

 

■ Influenced by Erasmus and Luther; also influenced by Zwinngli, Oecolampadius, Melanchthon

 

<Swiss Cantons>

- free and independent city-states

 

<Swiss confederation>

independent from HRE (since 1499)

 

<Swiss Church>

■ the swiss church different from swiss confederation

Larger cities such as Zurich and Berne campaigned to have vibrant religionus life under magisterial rule

Lcerne : Oswald Myconius

Zurich : Huldrych Zq2ingli, Heinrich Bullinger

Geneva : G Farel, John Calvin

Basle : Johann Oecolampadius

 

 

<Huldrych Zwingli>(1484-1531)

■ Born seven weeks after Luther

■ Influence by Erasmus and Luther

■ Did not believe in the presence of Christ in the elements

■ Believed in infant baptism

■ brought the Reformation to Zurich

■ Died at Kappel on Oct. 11. 1531; Catholics quartered his body, burned it, and scattered it

■ Succeeded by Bullinger

 

<Heinrich Bullinger(1504-1575)>

■ Fatehr of covenant theology, that there is one covenant in history from Adam to present: grace

■ Succeeded Zwingli at Zurich and tured the town into an international community

■ close friend of Calvin via letters but disagreed with calvin on three points

- Lord's supper: testimony or instrument of God's grace? Calvin was willing to compromise

- single predestination

- nature of Christian community : Christian ruler -Christian community; Calvin believe in two spheres; Christian and secular

 

■ Wrote more that any other reformer

 

 

 

<Popular Expressions of Reformation>

■ flugschriften - reformation pamphlets

■ German Peasants' war (1525) - Peasants took up arms and violence against the nobility claiming luther as their leader; Luther first told them that they should be peaceful' when they refused, luther told the princes to slaughter them.

■ Anabaptists

 

Anabaptism

■ ana -re; baptism

one common belief : No infant baptism! Adults only!

Movement called the Radical reformation them used by historian George H Williams

Not part of mainstream protestantism; often executed by mainstream protestant towns

Common Characteristics:

- "Social radicalism" = wanting to create a utopian society based on the new teatament;

- commitment to individual holiness of conduct and strict church discipline

- Usually pacifists

- Aversion to clerical, Scholarly, Mercantile, and governmental elites

- Patriarchal generally but women had more opportunity to serve and be leaders than main stream

- Believed that ordinary people can interpret the Bible through the Holy Spirit especiallly in the last day

 

 

 

The Second Wave of the Reformation

 

■ Various Names

- Reformed

--General term to encompass various denominations

-- Calvin + others

- Calvinist

- Presbyterian(British)

-- Greek word: Presbyter(elder; overseer; supervisior

--Mostly Scottish influence

- Huguenot(French)

! Protestants implies Calvinist

 

■ Today's Denominations in English

- Reformed

-- Implies both a general and Continental influence

-- Example: United Reformed Church(URC)

 

-Presbyterians

-- Imply a Scottish-English(and American) influence

-- Usually in the name of the church or in its denominational affliction

 

■ How to use the terms in English

-Adjective

 

■ Geographic Expansion

Major Presence

-Swiss Cantons

-- Geneva-Calvin - Beza

-Zurich - Zwingli- Bullinger

-Low Countries

-- the Netherlands

- Great Britain

-- England

--Scotland

 

Minor Presence

- France

- Holy Roman Empire

-- Germany(south-west)

-- Hurgary

 

■ Reformed Orthodox Families

- Major Families

-- Swiss family

-- Scottish-English family

-- Dutch-German family

 

....

 

■ Reformed Doctrines and Beliefs

- No single central dogma; no single central theologian(calvin is as close as one gets)

- Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion represents a part of the reformed tradition

-- predestination is NOT its central doctrine(but part of the tradition)

-- Calvin's Institutes, Predestination is in Book3, Ch. 21-24

- God is sovereign (and he loves his people)

- Christ saves completely a sinful people

- The bible is sufficient to know and obey God

- Covenant Theology

 

■ Covenant Theology

--Redemptive-Historical: History(and especially the Bible) is about God redeeming his people through Jesus Christ

---"Grace, concealed in the OT, is revealed in the new." -Augustine

--- The OT is full of typologies that foreshadows God's intention to redeem his people, the elect, through Christ's propitiating work on the cross.

-- There are two covenants: Grace and works that exist in the NT&OT

-- The Covenant of Grace

---Where God promises both to himself and the elect that he will save his people through a savior, Jesus Christ

---Unconditional in that Christ took it upon himself to save sinners; not dependent on sinners

-- The covenant of Works

---Conditional based upon man's work

--- Partly known by nature since God's law was written in the heart of man

-- Bullinger the father of Covenant Theology But this correlation between the NT&OT was popular I nSouth-West Germany and in the Swiss cantons

 

■ Arminianism

- Jacobus Arminius(1560-1609), Dutch theologian who didn't like some part of Calvin's theology

- Remonstrance(1610) document that contains "Five Articles of Arminianism" drawn up by Arminius' followers

- Remonstants/ Arminians(not Armenians)

-- do not agree Calvin's understanding of predestination(or original sin, grace, atonement, etc)

-snod of Dordrecht/

 

 

■ TULIP

- Total Depravity

-- man is completely depraved (original sin inherited from Adam)

-- man cannot please God (without faith in Christ)

 

- Unconditional Election

-- God decreed that some people will be saved

00 Predestination is NOT the same as foreknowlede. God predestined therefore he foreknew

 

- Limited Atonement

-- Atonement is limited in scope but not in its nature of saving completely

00 "Sufficient for the word; efficient for the elect only." God saves the elect.

-- NOT universal salvation where he died for all and everyone is saved.

 

- Irresistible Grace

-- Intoxicating we choose Christ through the Holy Spirit

-- Those who were appointed to eternal life believed (Acts13:48)

 

- Perseverance of the Saints

-- Believers will persevere by God's grace

-- Believers DO Not persevere by their own obedience

 

 

■ Predestination

- God elected/predestined/ chose people for himself

- God chose them in his sovereignty before they chose God, He decreed it!- God chose me before I chose God

- Predestination includes foreknowledge but does not mean foreknowledge.

- God chose the person first therefore he foreknows who will be saved.

-- NoT God foreknow who will choose and then choose him back.

- Mystery! This does not conflict with man's free will

- Double Predestination

--- single predestination people will only say that God chooses people to heaven; they will not say that God chooses people to go the hell.

--- What's implicit in single predestination is made explicit in double predestination

--- God chooses people to go to heaven (based on Christ's merits) therefore God also chooses people to go to hell(based on their own merits)

- Hyper-Calvinism- system of theology framed to exalt the honor and glory of God and thus minimizing the moral and spiritual responsibility of sinners(Peter Toon)

 

 

■ Sacraments

-Paedobaptists(except Reformed Baptists) -! paedo = babies

-- baptize infants

--- confirm their belief when they're adults

--- communion requires examination

--- adult age is determined by each denomination

 

-- baptize adults

 

- Lord's Supper - Dynamic Presence

-- Christ is there in the elements spiritually (via the Holy Spirit)

-- People feed on the elements for both spiritual and physical nourishment

 

 

■ What's the Difference?

- Creed

-- Formal statement of beliefs

-- "The Apostle;s Creed"

 

- Canons

-- Church decrees

-- Canons of Dort(1619)

 

- Articles of Faith

-- An outline of beliefs

-- Thirty-Nine Articles(1663)

 

- Confession

-- Long list of beliefs

-- Westminster Confession of Faith(1657)

 

- Catechism

-- Questions

-- Answerws

-- Heidelberg Catechism(1563)

 

- Systematic Theology/ Doctrines/ Dogmatics

-- Organizes doctrines/ beliefs

-- Example; Institutes of the Christian Religion(1536)

 

■ widely Used Reformed Confessional Texts

- Three Forums of Unity

-- Belgic Confession of Faith )1561)

-- Heidelberg Catechism(1563)

-- Canons of Dort(1618-1619)

 

- Second Helvetic Confession(1566)

 

- Westminster

-- Confession of Faith(1647)

-- shorter Catechism(1647)

-- Larger Catechism(1648)

 

■ Other major Text

- Institutes of the Christian Religion

John Calvin / First Latin ed. (1536)

- Zurich Consensus

 

 

■ England's Royal Genealogy The Tudors

- Henry VII(r. 1485-1509)

-Founder of Tudor dynasty

- ended the wars of the Roses (Lancaster and York family feud) by marrying Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV

- Married his daughter, Margaret, to James IV of Scotland.

- Married Arthur to Catherine of Aragon. When Arthur died, Catherine of Aragon married his second son, Henry(future Henry VIII).

- Henry VIII(r. 1509-1547)

 

 

■ Henry VIII wanted a son

- Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Catherine.

- when the pope said no, henry hired a new advisor, Thomas Cromwell.(1529)

 

■ Henry VIII's brezk with Rome

- T. Cromwell replaced WOLSEY as the king's chief advisor

0 Cromwell encouraged the anti-clerical sentiments in the parliament

- T. Cranmer becaomes the new Archbiship of Canterbury

0 In 1533, Cranmer grants the king a divorce

- the pope excoomunicates them.

- Cromwell and the Parliament issues the Act of Supremacy of 1534

00 Henry is the head of the church

00 king is the head of the empire of Eng.

0 Citizens cannot appeal to Rome

- Eng's revenues doubles

-- Monastic lands and possessions sold off

--Monasteries dissolves

 

■ Henry's wives

Catherine of Aragon

Anne Boleyn

Jane Seymour

Anne of Cleves

Catherine Howard

Catherine Parr

 

 

■ Edward VI(1537-r. 1547-1553)

- Jane Seymour and Henry VIII's son

-

■ Protestant England under Edward VI

- Cranmer Works

-- The book of Common prayer

- Forty-two Articles of Religious Beliefs

- Act of Uniformity of 1549 - churches must use the Book of Common Prayer

- Bibles in English

-- william Tyndale(1494-1536)

-- Miles Cloverdale(1488-1568)

RC Anglican Ruritanism

ed X

M X

E X

 

 

■ Mary Tudor

(1516-r. 1553-1558)

- Henry VIII's will stated that Mary should succeed Edward.

 

- Cardinal Reginald Pole (1500-1558), a humanist Catholic, replaced Cranmer as the Archbishop of Canterbury after Cranmer was arrested, tried then executed for treason and heresy.

 

- England became Catholic again.

-- nearly 300 Protestants died (mostly working class)

-- nearly 800 protestants left the country

 

- Pole encouraged Mary to be ruthless against the Protestans

 

- Mary married future Philip II of Spain(r. 1556-1598) in 1554

 

- No children

 

 

■ Elizabeth I

(1533-r. 1558-1603)

- The New English Deborah! (Gloriana, the Virgin Queen)

- She was a politically savvy.

- Moderate reformer

- William Cecil, Lord Burghly, (1520-98) chief secretary and advisor

- Francis Walsingham(c. 1530-90) Secretary of State who created a spy network to learn about plots against the queen

- Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester(c. 1532-88) favorite of the queen, later military commander

- "Thirty-Nine Articles" issued in 1552

 

■ Via media

 

■ Chruch of England

/Institutional Names

- church of England

- Anglican Church

- Episcopalian Ch.

/People

- Anglicans

- Episcopalians

 

■ Ch. structure

Threefold Ministr

0 Bishop / Priest / Deacon

 

Archbiship of Canterbury;senior bishop/ Archbishop of York ;

 

■ Scottish Royal Genealogy ; The House of Stuart /Stewart

Robert II(r. 1306-29) first Stuart

David II, RobertII, III; James I, II, III...

James IV(r. 1488-1513)

James V(r. 1513-1542)

Mary(of Guise), Queen of Scots(r. 1542-1567)

James VI(1567-1625)

 

■ Mary, Queen of Scots

Married to future Francis II(France) in 1558

 

■ Jmes VI of Scotland(1566-1625)

Danley and Mary, Queen of Scots/ son

he raised a protestant /George Buchanon was James's tutor

1603 James becomes king of England and unites England and Scotland under one monarchy

Authorized King James Version(1611) standard English Bible for next 250 years.

 

 

■ John Knox(c. 1514-1572)

 

Leader of the Scottish Reformation

Wrote anti-feminist tract "The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women."(1558)

Returned to Scotland in 1559

 

 

■ Scottish Reformation

six Johns: Knox, Winram, Spottiswoode, Willock, Douglas, Row

Scots Confession(1560)

Book of Discipline