Catholic Reformations

Catholic Reformations

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◩ Nomenclature

-Protestant side

-- The Protestant Reformation

--- Focuses on mainstream Protestantismp Luther, Calvin / Reformed and the Anglican church

--- Sometimes include Anabaptists

-- Protestant Reformations

--- Focuses on the mainstream

--- Usually included the Anabaptists

--- Ususally studies the Reformation by geography

-- The reformation

 

- Catholic side

--Unpopular Terms

-- The counter-Reformation

-- Counter-Reformation

-- Appeared as early as the 1770s

-- Used to denote a reversion of confessional allegiance in the HRE 155-1648 from Protestantism to Catholicism

--- Protestant historian, Leopold no Ranke emphasiezed Catholicism's resurgence in the second half of the 16th century

--- Unpopular term today

 

-- Preferred terms

-- Catholic Reformation

-- Catholic refrom

-- Catholic Restoration

 

◩ When did it start?

- The Spanish Inquisition

- Isabella and Ferdinand

- After the Protestant Reformation

- At the formation of Jesuits

- Council of Trent

 

 

Iberian peninsula- Spain + Portugal

Iberia was the ancient name for the Iberian peninsula

 

◩ Spanish Monarchy

house of Trastamara(r. 1474-1516)

- Isabella I of Castile

-- r. 1474 of Castile

-- d. 1504

- Ferdinand II of Aragon

-- r. 1474 of Castile w. Isabella I(FV_

-- r. 1479 of Aragon(F II)

-- r. 1468 of Siciliy (F ii)

-- r. 1503 of Naples (F III)

-- d. 1516

- Joanna the Mad of Castile

-- r. 1504-16 nominal ruler of Castile

-- Ferdinand ruled instead

-- followed by Chales, her son

-- d. 1555

 

◩ Ferdinand and Isabella

- Isabella

-- Wanted to reform the church

-- sought after best candidates to fill posts

- Ferdinand

-- wanted to strengthen the crown by naming high church officials

-- Practiced nepotism to fill at least one post

 

◩ Cardinal Francisco Jimenex de Cisneros(1436-1517)

- Franciscan Friar

- Humanist

- Spanish positions

-- Confessor to the queen

-- Grand inquisitor of Spain

--- Forced conversion of Spanish Moors

--- Promoted North African crusades

- Authored Complutensian Polyglot(1520)

-- Multilingual edition of the Bible

-- Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Chaldean (Semitic language of the Chaldeans related to Aramaic)

-- First of several editions where the bible was compared in adjacent columns

-- Approved by the Pope Leo X

- You can study and contribute to good morals and customs but you cannot deviate doctrinally

 

◩ Spanish Inquisition

- An inquisition was when the church interrogated a person regarding their beliefs to suppress heresy. Their punishments for heretics to confess and recant their beliefs usually led to physical torture and death

- The spanish Inquisition began ...

 

◩ Habsburg + Trastamara 0 Habsburg

 

 

◩ Charles V(1500-1558)

- Charles V inherits his parents ( and grandparents' lands)

--Mother: Joanna of Castile

--- Spain

--- Parts of Italy: Naples, Milan and Sicily

--- Spanish America

-- Father : Philip the Fair, archduke of Austria

--- Austria

--- Low Countries (Netherlands, Luxembourg, Artis, and Burgundy)

--- Grandfather: elected as Holy Roman Emperor

-Charles V slowly divides his empire around 1556

-- his son, philip....

 

◩ Spanish Wars

Philip II's(Charles V's son) Crusades against Islam

- He suppressed violently the Muslims and Moriscos in Spain

- He fought Selim II(r. 1566-1574), son of Suleyman the Magnificent

- Don Juan of Austria, illegitimate half brother, helped him defeat the Muslims in and outside Spain

 

◩ Spanish Wars

Philip II's Crusades against the Low Countries

- Richest part of Philip II's empire

- Philip II decided to suppress Protestantism in the 1560s

- William of Nassau, Prince of Orange(1533-1584) protested

- "Iron duke" of Alba (1507-1582) was sent

- The Protestants asked Queen Elizabeth for help; unsuccessful

- William's son, Maurice(1567-1625), drove out Spanish forces

- The Calvinist United Provinces was independent from Spain in 1648

 

◩ Spanish Armada

Philip II's Crusades against England

- Philip II was determined to restore Catholic Church in England

- He detested Elizabeth I

- Spain had 130 vessels but more men and more fire power; England had 190 ships

- Spain lost: blame the weather, lack of understanding the geography, and the divide and conquer technique of England

 

 

◩ Catholic Defenders

- John/ Johann Eck(1486-1543)

-- Luther's principal opponent

-- debated with the Lutherans

- James Latomus(d. 1544)

-- wrote several books for Catholic traditional doctrines and scholarship

-- Luther and Erasmus wrote against him

- Robert Belllarmine(1542-1621)

-- Jesuit theologian

-- Catholic saint

-- Wrote On the Controversies of the Christian Faith his monumental work that systematized current controversies

- Caesar Baronius(1538-1607), cardinal

-- Considereed the Father of Ecclesiastical History (after Eusebius)

-- Wrote Ecclesiastical Annals, 12v pioneering 잭 kin modern church history ; early modern historian....

 

 

◩ Saint Teresa of Avila (1515- 1582)

- Born Teresa de Ahumada y Cepeda; Dona Teresa.

- Spanish mystic, writer(one of Spain's greatest), and monastic reformer; Catholic saint

- In 1535, she joined the Carmelite Convent of the Incarnation at Avila(out of fear if hell than the love of God

- Strong prayer life since 1538 and professed strong spiritual experiences since 1555

- Felt a "pleasant restlessness" in her desire to convert the Protestants(ca. 1560) after her violent dream of hell

- Created a new convent: Discalced Carmelite convent of Saint Joseph's n 1562

- Members were to pray for the missionaries and priests working among the heretics and heathens

- DO NOT CONFUSE HER WITH MOTHER TERESA(1910-1997) who was a missionary in Calcutta, India and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979

 

◩ Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

- Founder/ Central figure of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

- Catholic Saint

- Spiritual Exercises(1548)

-- 3 parts ; Documents, exercises and method.

-- "the discernment of spirits" - the belief that God talks directly to people when they experience motions of consolation and desolation

 

 

◩ Society of Jesus

- Order founded by Igantius Loyola (and nine others)

- Pope Paul II approved new order in 1540

- Members are called Jesuits

- Headquarters in Rome

- Suppressed in 1773 by Pope Clement XVI

- Restored in 1814 by pope Pius VII

- First teaching order of the Catholic church

- Dedicated to an itinerant (traveling from place to place) ministry

- Vows of poverty and chastity

- Chanting of the canonical hours is not required

- Obedience of the Pope "concerning missions"

- In the 16th century

-- sent to convert the Turks

-- Discrediting Protestantism

-- Sent throughout the world: India(1542) Brazil(1549) and even Japan(1549)

 

 

◩ Francis Xavier(1506-1592)

- Co- founder of the Society of Je년

- Patron of all foreign missions

- Sent to the Far East as one of the first Jesuit missionaries

- Arrived in Goa, india 1542 (w. tow others)

- Arrived near New Guinea and near the Philippines (1546-47)...............

 

 

◩ List of Popes

 

◩ Papal Reformations

 

Adrian VI(1522-23)

- Tutored Charles V

- Died before he could make any significant contributions

 

Clement VII (1523-34) Medici

- Renovated Rome

- England broke off from the church

Sack of Rome by Charles V

 

Paul III(1534-49)

 

Julius III

- Rome "the center of games and festivities"

- Practiced nepotism

 

Marcellus II (1555)

- Committed to reform

- Died before any significant changes

 

Paul IV(1555-59)

 

◩ Pope Paul III(r. 1534-49)

- More astrology than theology

- Practiced nepotism

- Approved the Society of Jesus in 1540

- Established the Inquisition in Rome in 1542

- Convoked the Council of Trent

- Preferred income over reform

◩ Pope Paul IV(r.1555-59)

- Previous name : Cardinal Carafa of Naples

-- Inquisitor-general of the inquisition in Rome

-- Hardliner

-- Famous Italian humanists (ie. Bernardo Ochino and Peter Martyr Vermigli) fled Italy

- Determined to reform the church

- Inquisition became terrifying

- Issued the first Pope approved published Index of Forbidden Books(1559)

- Refused to continue the Council of Trent

- Put Catholic Papacy at the head of the Catholic reformation.

 

◩ Index of Frobidden Books

- Index or Catalogue of Prohibited Books

- List of books banned by the catholic church; it is book censorship

- Previous lists have been drawn up (ie, fifth lateran council of 1515)

- States have created their own list, for example, france (ie 1521,1547)

- Catholic church continued to revised their censored book list until 1966 when it was formally abolished.

First papal approved list was the Pauline index(1559) followed by Tridentine Index(1564)

◩ Pauline Index

- Pope paul IV issued the index of Prohibited Books(1559)

- 550 authors

0 individual titles

- Anticlericla, lascivious and immoral works

- Discussed how to control the distribution of books

- Criticized in Catholic circles and after Paul IV died in 1559, enforcement stopped

 

◩ Tridentine Index

- Published after the council of Trent by Pope Pius IV in 1564

- Supported in Catholic circles but not in Protestant Lands(ie. only banned some of Erasmus' work)(

- Discussed guidelines for prepublication censorship, how to enforce the index, and regulate the printing industry

- Exprugation : when the "chief matter" of books is good, you can expurge the minor heretical thoughts and words

 

◩ Tridentine Index

- Published after the Council of Trent by Pope Pius IV in 1564

...........

 

◩ Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Also known as the Tridentine Council

- Met in Trento, Ital

- 18 years on/off, four popes

- Three main phases

1. Doctrine and Discipline(1545-47)

2. Failure to Obtain Protestant Participation(1551-52)

3. the Catholic Reform (1561-63)

- Most significant council in thousand years

- Convened by Paul III and opens on December 13. 1545

- moved to Bologna in 1547 because of the plague

- Moved back to Trent in 1551

- Did not convene to Trent in 1551

- Did not convene under Pope Paul IV

- Reconvened under Pius IV, another Medici pope in 1562.

 

◩ Trent Affirmations

- Seven sacraments,

- transubstantiantion

- communion in one kind for the laity

- auricular confession

- celibacy

- monasticism

- purgatory

- indulgences (but sellers were outlawed)

- invocation of saints

- the veneration of saints

- good works necessary for salvation and faith was crucial for salvation

- apostolic succession

- Scripture valued equally with tradition as sources of doctrine

- The church had the authority to interpret scripture against individual interpretation

-Protestants must accept the doctrines or be "accursed."

 

◩ Trent Admissions

- High corruption and how to clean it up

- Pluralism

- Simony - the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.

- Nepotism- the practice amon those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.

- Absenteeism - the practice of regularly staying away from work without good reason

- Immorality

- Ignorance of the clergy

 

◩ Trent Reparations

- Pluralists had to give up their many benefices

- Priests ordered to live in the parishes

- Bishops more responsible for the discipline of the clergy

- more masculine control over female religious orders and houses

- Seminaries established in each diocese

- Inthe end: offenses and abuse were substantially reduced but not eliminated

 

◩ Thirty years' War(1618-1648)

- Germany had a difficult time obeying the peace of Augsburg. Both Catholics and Lutherans broke parts of the agreement and Calvinists wanted legal recognition.

- Protestant Union formed (1608) and the Catholics organized a military alliance under Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria.

- Ferdinand II was elected as the HR Emperor

-- Bohemians and Protestants neighbors rebelled.

-- Bohemians offered throne to Fredrick V, the Calvinist elector of the Palatinate

-- Catholic League defeats them

 

◩ 30 year's War cont'd Danish Intervention(1623-1630)

 

- Protestant resistant movement led by the king of Denmark, christian IV

- Imperial general, Albrecht von Wallenstein(1583-1634), defeated the Danish king

- Ferdinand determined to change the HRE to a single Habsburg empire

- The Edict of Restitution was issued in 1629; Calvinist worship was prohibited and all secularized Catholic church property since 1552 were to be returned

- The Diet of Regensburg (1630) - Catholic and Protestant princes demanded that Wallenstein disband his army in fear of Ferdinand's plan

 

◩ Swedish Intervention(1630-1635)

- Gustavus II Adolphus(1594-1632), king of Sweden, also called Lion of the North, saw Ferdinand's growing power as a threat to Lutheranism

- He was winning until Spanish troops arrived to help the imperial forces.

- the Swedes los southern Germany after battle of Nordlingen(1634)

- Ferdinand II signed a peace treaty with Johann Georg of Saxony : Edict of .....

 

◩ 30 Y war cont'd

Franco- Swedish Intervention

- French troops enter the war assisting the Swedes. Cardinal Richelieu's goal(with the pope's blessing) was to weaken Habsburg power.

- Spanish interests diverted by Catalonian rebellions.

- Protestant princes made peace treaties with Sweden

- Ferdinand III and others signed the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 (but some fighting between France and Spain continued)

- Winners: France is now the dominant European power; Sweden is the undisputed leading power in the Baltic; Calvinists are now accepted as equal to Catholics and Lutherans in Germany

- Loser: Habsburg emperor is now a figure head.